Pcv-2 Vaccine

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-)2 and a method for the manufacture of such a vaccine, for protecting piglets against PCV-2 infection. 
     It has been found that a vaccine comprising at least 20 microgram/dose of ORF-2 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2 is capable of eliciting a protective immune response against PCV-2 (and thus against PMWS) even when they have a relatively high titer of MDA against PCV-2. 
     A vaccine according to the invention may contain a recombinant ORF-2 protein, wherein said recombinant protein is preferably produced by way of expression from a baculovirus expression vector in insect cells, said baculovirus expression vector containing the PCV-2 ORF-2 gene sequence under control of a suitable promoter.

The present invention relates to a vaccine against porcine circovirus(PCV-2) and a method for the manufacture of such a vaccine, forprotecting piglets against PCV infection.

PCV-2 is thought to be linked to the post-weaning multisystemic wastingsyndrome (PMWS) observed in young pigs.

This disease was encountered for the first time in Canada in 1991.

The clinical signs and pathology were published in 1997 (Clark at al.Proc. Am. Assoc. Swine. Pract, 1997: 499-501, Harding et al., Proc. Am.Assoc. Swine. Pract, 1997:503.), and include progressive wasting,dyspnea, tachypnea, and occasionally icterus and jaundice.

Nayar et al., Can. Vet. J. Volume 38, June 1997 detected PorcineCircovirus in pigs with clinical symptoms of PMWS and concluded that aPCV, other then the known PCV recognized as a natural inhabitant ofPK-15 cells, could be linked to PMWS. Later publications (Hamel et al.,J. Virol., 72(6), 5262-5267, 1998; Meehan et al., J. gen. Virol., 79,2171-2179, 1998) confirmed these findings, and it was proposed (Meehanet al., supra) to refer to the new pathogenic PCV as PCV-2, whereas theoriginal PK-15 cell culture isolate (Tischer et al., Nature 295, 64-66,1982), should be referred to as PCV-1.

PCV1 and PCV-2 are small (17 nm) icosahedral non-enveloped virusescontaining a circular single stranded DNA genome. The length of thePCV-2 genome is about 1768 bp. PCV-2 isolates originating from differentregions in the world seem to be closely related to each other anddisplay 95 to 99% nucleotide sequence identities (Fenaux et al., J.Clin. Micorbiol., 38(7), 2494-2503, 2000). ORF-2 of PCV encodes theputative capsid protein of the virus. The ORF 2 of PCV 2 encodes aprotein of 233 amino acids. The ORF 2 of all PCV-2 isolates share91-100% nucleotide sequence identity and 90-100% deduced amino acidsequence identity. Between the ORF 2 genes of PCV 1 and PCV-2 thereexists only 65 to 67% nucleotide identity and 63 to 68% amino acidsequence identity (Fenaux et al., supra).

PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome) is another majorproblem for pig farmers which appeared around the same time as PMWS.Characteristic of PDNS are red/brown circular skin lesions withhaemorrhages, usually on the ears, flanks, legs and hams. A review ofPCV-2 related syndromes and diseases is given in Chae. C (2005) Vet. J.169 326-336.

There is a need for a vaccine that protects piglets against PCV-2related diseases such as PMWS and PDNS. However, as of yet there is nocommercially available vaccine against PCV-2 related diseases.

Traditionally one would think of a conventional vaccine for pigs basedon inactivated whole PCV-2 virus. However, in the case of PCV-2 mattersare complicated by the fact that PCV-2 does not replicate to high titersin cell culture.

As an alternative a vaccine could be based on recombinant antigensderived from PCV-2. PCV-2 proteins have already been expressed invarious expression systems. For example, Liu et al. (Protein Expressionand Purification, 21, 115-120 (2001) expressed a fusion protein of theentire protein encoded by ORF-2 of PCV-2 linked to a MBP His tag, in E.coli. Kim et al. (J. Vet. Sci, 3(1), 19-23, 2002) expressed ORF 1 and 2of PCV 2 in a baculovirus expression system. Blanchard et al. (Vaccine,21, 4565-4575, 2003) expressed ORF 1 and ORF 2 in baculovirus basedsystem in insect cells as well. The insect cells which had produced thePCV-2 proteins were lysed and formulated into a vaccine which was usedto vaccinate specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets. The piglets receivedeither one of the proteins in a prime boost regimen where the subunitvaccine followed a DNA vaccination or, in another group of piglets, thepiglets received the ORF 1 and ORF 2 protein in two injections. However,all experiments were carried out with SPF pigs which are pathogen freeand thus do not have any maternally derived antibodies against PCV-2.

PMWS and PDNS caused by PCV-2 can be observed from 4 weeks of age untilabout 15 weeks of age. It seems that until weaning the piglets are quitesafe from PCV-2 related diseases, only after weaning do piglets have achance of getting clinical symptoms. As a consequence, to protectpiglets with vaccination, the piglets will ideally have to be protectedfrom weaning onwards since it is unpredictable when PCV-2 relateddiseases will manifest.

To achieve this with a two shot vaccination regime, the piglets need toobtain their priming vaccination already in the first week(s) of age sothey can receive the booster vaccination round the time of weaning andhave obtained full protection against PCV-2 infection just afterweaning.

Piglets are likely to have maternally derived antibodies (MDA) againstPCV-2. (A distribution of MDA titers in piglets used in experiments witha vaccine according to the invention is given in the Examples). It ishowever, well known that the presence of maternally derived antibodieswill interfere with vaccination.

Piglets may have different titers of MDA. Very high passive MDA titersmay protect the piglets against PCV-2 infection (Merial: “PCV-2Diseases: From research back to the field strain”, 18^(th) IPVS, HamburgGermany, June 2004, page 99-101).

However piglets with lower MDA titers will not be protected againstPCV-2 infection when they have reached the relevant age (i.e. postweaning).

For those piglets, which seems to be the majority encountered in thefield, the MDA titer may be too low to provide protection against PCV-2infection, while still high enough to interfere with vaccination with,for example, a conventional inactivated PCV-2 vaccine. Especially sincean inactivated vaccine may contain less antigen due to the fact that thevirus can not be propagated to high titers in cell culture (orcomplicated and time consuming concentration procedures should beintroduced in vaccine production). Especially for this group of pigletsa vaccine according to the invention has been found to provide adequateprotection against PCV-2 infection.

With the present invention, a vaccine has been provided that can be usedin a method to protect piglets, even piglets which are MDA positiveagainst PCV-2, against infection with PCV-2, and thus against PCV-2related diseases, most notably PMWS and PDNS.

The present invention provides a vaccine against PCV-2 comprising atleast 20 microgram/dose of ORF-2 protein of porcine circovirus type 2(PCV-2).

It has been found that a vaccine containing at least 20 microgram (ug)of ORF-2 protein of PCV-2 per dose is capable of eliciting a protectiveimmune response against PCV-2 infection (and thus against PCV-2 relateddiseases like PMWS and PDNS) even in the face of MDA. Preferably thevaccine contains at least 50 ug per dose, and most preferably 80 ug perdose. Vaccines according to the present invention with an antigenic massup to 275 ug per dose could even be prepared, and such vaccines stilldid not elicit local reactions at the injection site. Of course evenmore micrograms of antigen can be put in a vaccine dose of a vaccineaccording to the invention, but if the protection obtained with thevaccine is not improved with a higher dose the increase in antigenicload only results in the vaccine being more expensive than necessary. Inaddition an increasing dose of antigen may eventually lead tounacceptable local reactions at the injection site, which should beavoided. A method to measure the antigenic mass is given in theexperimental part of this application.

A vaccine according to the invention may contain a recombinant ORF-2protein, wherein said recombinant protein is preferably produced by wayof expression from a baculovirus expression vector in insect cells, saidbaculovirus expression vector containing the PCV-2 ORF-2 gene sequenceunder control of a suitable promoter.

Although other suitable expression systems known in the art may be usedas well in a method to prepare a vaccine according to the invention, ithas been found that the use of the baculo expression system results inthe production of high yields of viral antigen, which moreover show agood antigenicity. The use of the baculo expression system thuseliminates the need for complicated and time consuming procedures toconcentrate the antigen to a suitable level when it cannot be producedat a high concentration, for example in a virus infected cell culture.

The most commonly used baculo expression vector is Autographacalifornica often used with an insect cell culture of SF-9, SF-21 orHigh five insect cells. SF-9 and SF-21 are ovarian cell lines fromSpodoptera frugiperda, High five cells are derived from egg cells fromTrichoplusia ni. The PCV-ORF-2 gene should be placed under the controlof a suitable promoter. Most commonly used promoters in the baculovirusexpression system are the promoters for the polyhedrin gene and thepromoter for the p10 gene, meaning that the ORF-2 PCV-2 gene sequence isinserted in an insertion site in either the polyhedron locus or the p10locus in the baculovirus genome. Other suitable promoters, eitherhomologous or heterologous, known in the art may be used as well. Adetailed description of all aspects of the baculovirus expression systemis given in “Baculovirus Expression vectors” by D. R. O'Reilly, L. K.Miller, and V. A. Luckow (1992, W.H. Freeman & Co, New York).Furthermore baculovirus derived expression vectors and completeexpression systems are commercially available from many differentcompanies.

A vaccine according to the invention may further comprise a suitableadjuvant. Many adjuvant systems are known in the art, for examplecommonly used oil in water adjuvant systems. Any suitable oil may beused, for example a mineral oil known in the art for use in adjuvantia.The oil phase may also contain a suitable mixture of different oils,either mineral or non-mineral. Suitable adjuvantia may also comprisevitamin E, optionally mixed with one or more oils. The water phase of anoil in water adjuvanted vaccine will contain the antigenic material.Suitable formulations will usually comprise from about 25-60% oil phase(40-75% water phase). Examples of suitable formulations may comprise 30%water phase and 70% oil phase or 50% of each.

A vaccine according to the invention may be administered via anysuitable route known in the art such as intramuscularly, intradermallyor subcutaneously, whereby intramuscular administration is preferred.

The present invention further provides a method for the manufacture of avaccine intended for the protection of young piglets, which are PCV-2MDA positive, against PCV-2 infection, wherein said vaccine is providedwith at least 20 ug/dose of ORF-2 protein of porcine circovirus type 2(PCV-2).

A vaccine (prepared by a method) according to the invention can be usedin a method to protect young piglets against PCV-2 infection.

A vaccine according to the invention can even be used in a method forthe protection of young piglets, which are positive for maternallyderived antibodies (MDA) against PCV-2, against infection with PCV-2.

It has been found that a vaccine according to the invention can protectpiglets, even when they have a relatively high titer of MDA againstPCV-2. A distribution of MDA titers in young piglets encountered in thefield at various farms across Europe are reflected in table 1, and theprotection provided by a vaccine according to the invention is reflectedin table 2. It has been shown that a vaccine according to the inventioncan even provide adequate protection against PCV-2 infection to pigletsthat have MDA titers falling in cluster 2′ as defined in the Examples(Table 2). Piglets falling in this cluster have MDA titers between 8 and12 log2 which is a high MDA titer.

A vaccine according to the invention can therefore even be used in amethod for the protection of young piglets, which have an MDA titeragainst PCV-2 up to 10 log2, or even 12log2 (as measured with a methodas indicated in the Examples).

From Table 1 it can be seen that about 55% of the piglets collected atvarious farms over Europe fall within this cluster 2 (while of coursepiglets falling within cluster 1, which have a lower MDA titer and whichcomprise 32% of the population, are also protected by a vaccineaccording to the invention). Thus it can be concluded that a vaccineaccording to the invention provides protection to the vast majority ofpiglets encountered in the field, including those with high MDA titers.

To provide adequate protection the vaccine is preferably administered ina 2 shot vaccination regimen, whereby the first shot (primingvaccination) is given to the piglets in the first to fourth week of age,preferably prior to weaning, for example in the first week of age. Thesecond shot (boosting vaccination) can be given about 3 weeks later. Inthis way the piglets will have obtained full protection against PCV-2infection just after weaning which is when the piglets are mostsusceptible to PCV-2 infection and thus become susceptible to PMWS andPDNS.

EXAMPLES Example 1 (Determination of Maternally Derived) PCV-2 SpecificAntibody Titers

Antibody titers against PCV-2 can be determined in the following manner:

A monolayer of PK15 cells was formed in 96-well tissue culture plate. At80% confluency the cells were infected with a field isolate of PCV-2 andfurther incubated for 2 days at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator. After thisperiod the cells were fixed in Ethanol and stored at 2-8° C. until use.Plates are used for tests when approximately 20% of the cells wereinfected.

To determine the PCV-2 specific antibody titre of a given serum, serialdilutions are made and incubated on the ethanol fixated cells. After 1hour of incubation at 37° C. the plates are washed with tap water andthe bound antibodies detected by incubation with FITC-labeled Rabbitanti-Swine IgG. The titre of a given serum is expressed as thereciprocal of the highest dilution where a PCV-2 specific antibodyresponse can still be observed.

A typical distribution of the maternally derived antibody titers againstPCV-2 in pre-weaning piglets is given in table 1.

Sera were collected from 232 piglets from various countries acrossEurope.

TABLE 1 The distribution of maternally derived antibody titres in agroup of 232 young piglets Categories of piglets with PCV-2 specificmaternally Percentage of derived antibody titres (log2) Percentage ofpiglets per piglets per in a population category cluster ≦4 1.3 32 5 9.96 9.1 7 12.1 8 9.5 55 9 19.4 10 11.2 11 9.9 12 4.7 13 5.2 13 14 3.0 152.6 16 1.3 ≧17 0.8

In table 1 three clusters can be distinguished: Cluster 1: piglets withtitres smaller than 8, cluster 2; piglets with titres from 8 to 12 andcluster 3; piglets with titres of 13 and higher. In cluster 3 thematernally derived antibody titres are that high that it is expectedthat the piglets will be protected during the critical period of age(Merial: “PCV-2 Diseases: From research back to the field strain”,18^(th) IPVS, Hamburg Germany, June 2004, page 99-101). In cluster 1however, the maternally derived antibody titres are that low that mostof these piglets can be easily vaccinated. However, in cluster 2 theantibody titres are of such a magnitude that a conventional vaccinationapproach will probably fail to immunize the majority of this group.Since more than halve of the piglets seem to fall into this cluster itwill be of the uttermost importance to be able to protect the piglets inthis cluster if one wants to eliminate PMWS from a farm.

It is well known in the art that vaccination in the face of maternallyderived antibody titres can be helped by an adjuvant and or a highantigen content. It is not known which adjuvant or which antigen contentwill be able to break through the maternally derived antibody titresdirected against a given pathogen. Therefore, in the experimentsdescribed we sought to define the minimal amount of antigen that wouldbe needed to protect the piglets in cluster 2 against a PCV-2 infection

Example 2 Construction of a Recombinant Baculovirus Expressing PCV-2ORF-2

PCV-2 virus was isolated from lung tissue of a feeder pig showingclinical and histopathological signs of PMWS using PCV-free Swine Testis(ST) cells. The virus was propagated through five passages on PCV-freePK15 cells.

DNA was isolated from a preparation of PCV-2 virus purified frominfected PK15 cell supernatant. PCR was done to amplify the ORF-2 genebased on published sequences, using primers containing BamH1 restrictionsites (forward primer CGG GAT CCG TTT TCA GCT ATG ACG TAT, reverseprimer: CGG GAT CCT TTA TCA CTT CGT AAT GGT T). The resulting ampliconencompasses the complete ORF-2 gene plus flanking BamH1 restrictionsites.

Following gel electrophoresis, the amplicon was excised and purified.The purified PCV-2 ORF-2 fragment was then digested with BamH1, andligated into BamH1-digested pAcAS3 (Viak et. al. (1990) Virology 179312-320). This plasmid contains the p10 promoter upstream of theinsertion site, allowing for expression of foreign genes under controlof the p10 promoter.

TOP 10F′ bacteria (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) were transformed with theligation mixture, and clones which contained the correct construct wereselected based on their sequence. A positive clone was expanded and thetransfer plasmid DNA was again retested using sequencing.

Before transfection, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcNPV, described in Martens et. al. (1995) J. Virol. Methods 52 15-19)was digested with Bsu36I. The Bss36I site in this virus is a uniquerestriction site in the p10 locus.

Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells were then transfected with transferplasmid and Bsu36I-digested AcNPV baculovirus DNA using CellFectine(Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, USA). The supernatant of thetransfection was harvested at 3 days post transfection and plaquepurifications were performed on Sf9 cells.

Plaques were expanded and the resulting virus was screened for PCV-2ORF-2 gene insertion by sequencing of isolated viral DNA, andimmunofluorescence on Sf9 cells using anti-PCV-2 rabbit and pig sera.

A seed of recombinant baculovirus BacPCV-2-ORF-2 was prepared called“Masterseed”. The Masterseed and the 5^(th) passage of the Masterseed onSf9 cells were tested for stable insertion of the PCV-2 ORF-2 gene bysequencing of isolated DNA and immunofluorescence on Sf9 cells.

Titrations were done to measure the amount of infectious virus in thevirus preparations. Titrations were done on Sf9 cells, and were read byobserving baculovirus specific CPE and/or PCV-2 ORF-2 specificimmunofluorescence using polyclonal rabbit anti-PCV-2 immune serum.

It was demonstrated that a plaque-purified Masterseed of recombinantAcNPV baculovirus BacPCV-2-ORF-2 was produced. This construct stablyexpressed the PCV-ORF-2 protein under control of the p10 promoter on Sf9cells as judged by sequencing and immunofluorescence of the Masterseedand the 5^(th) passage from the Masterseed on Sf9 cells.

Example 3 Production of PCV-2 Antigen

In order to obtain maximum amounts of expression product, pilotexperiments were carried out to optimize the conditions for obtainingrecombinant PCV-2 ORF-2 protein. All experiments were carried out usingSpodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) cells in suspension culture at 28° C.BacPCV-2-ORF-2 virus at the 4^(th) passage level from the Masterseed wasused for infection. For optimized production, cell density at the timeof infection was 1.4×10⁸ cells/ml, the multiplicity of infection (MOI)was 0.01 and culture was continued for 6 days following infection. Theresulting mixture was named expression product harvest. Expression underoptimized conditions was carried out 5 times in separate experimentsduring the course of one year.

Since the antigen was located in the cells the total harvest containingboth cells and supernatant was subjected to sonication to the extentthat at least 90% of the cells were disrupted. Thereafter the liverecombinant virus in batches of sonicated harvest was inactivated with33 mM Binary Ethylenimine (BEI) at 37° C. for 72 hours under continuousstirring, at a pH of 7.5. After inactivation, the BEI was neutralized bythe addition of a 1.6 fold molar excess of Sodium Thiosulphate.

After neutralization, cell debris and polyhedra were removed bylow-speed centrifugation at 600 g for 10 min. The resulting supernatantwas named inactivated virus suspension. Harvests were checked forsterility and for completeness of inactivation. Completeness ofinactivation was tested by passaging inactivated virus suspension on Sf9cells for 2 weeks and visual inspection for the absence of baculovirusspecific CPE.

It was demonstrated that Baculovirus titres of was 8.5 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mlwere obtained which were completely inactivated after treatment withBEI.

Example 4 Determination of the Amount of PCV-2 Antigen

Samples of inactivated suspension before and after low-speedcentrifugation, and a cell culture supernatant sample of parent transfervirus were subjected to denaturing SDS-polyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis according to the method of Laemmli (Laemmli, U. K.(1970). Nature 227, 680-685). A 4-12% gradient gel was used, which wasstained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.

When Western Blotting was done, the proteins from the gel wereelectrophoretically transferred onto Nylon membranes, blocked withskimmed milk in PBS, and reacted with diluted polyclonal Swine serumraised against a field isolate of PCV-2.

As a measure of the antigen content of the resulting inactivated virussuspension, 1 microliter (ul) of this suspension was run on a gel in asimilar manner, while serial dilutions of Bovine Serum Albumin (Sigma,St. Louis, USA. cat.no. A-2153) were run in parallel on the same gel asa reference. Quantification of the ORF-2 gene product in the inactivatedvirus suspension was done by comparing the densities of the BSAreference with that of the PCV-2 containing sample by using cameracapture imaging and computerised analysis using GeneTools (SynGene,Cambridge, UK. v.3.06.02).

When inactivated harvests before and after low-speed centrifugation werecompared by electrophoretic separation on SDS-PAGE gels againstPrecision Plus markers (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA), the material beforecentrifugation gave 2 major bands of approximately equal density ofapparent Molecular Weights (MW) of 30 and 26.8 kDa, while the materialafter centrifugation only contained the lower band. When parent transfervirus was run alongside the recombinant virus, the parent transfer virusonly contained the higher of the two bands, demonstrating that the lowerband was the ORF-2 of PCV and the higher band the polyhedrin that wasremoved after centrifugation.

The identity of the lower 26.8 kDa band was further confirmed by WesternBlotting, where it was shown that this band, but not the 30 kDa band,reacted with polygonal Swine serum raised against PCV-2 field virus.

Expression levels of the PCV-2 ORF-2 were determined in 5 separateexperiments, and in each instance, the amount was well above thedetection limit of the test, specifically ranging from 40 to 550microgram/milliliter (ug/ml) of inactivated virus suspension.

Example 5 Influence of the Amount of PCV-2 ORF-2 on Vaccine Take in MDAPositive Young Piglets

Vaccines of different PCV-2 ORF-2 antigen content were formulated andused to vaccinate young piglets with varying levels of maternallyderived antibodies (MDA) against PCV-2. Two vaccinations were given, 3weeks apart. The seroresponse against the antigen was measured at 56weeks after the first vaccination. From these data, the influence of theantigen content on the take of the vaccine in the face of MDA wascalculated.

Various antigen dilutions were made and mixed 1:1 (v/v) with anoil-in-water adjuvant, such as are common in the art.

Then, at between 1 and 4 weeks of age, litters were divided into groupsand treated intramuscularly with vaccines containing varying amounts ofPCV-2-ORF-2 protein, or were not vaccinated. Vaccinations were repeatedafter 3 weeks. The following groups were made: 114 piglets vaccinatedwith 1-14 ug of PCV-2 ORF-2 protein/dose (group 1), 85 pigletsvaccinated with 20 and 80 ug/dose (group 2)

Blood was taken at the time of first vaccination, and at 56 weeksthereafter. Sera were prepared and examined for PCV-2 antibodies byimmunofluorescence. For this a monolayer of PK15 cells in a 96-welltissue culture plate was infected with a field isolate of PCV-2. After 2days of culture, when approximately 20-30% of the cells were infected,the monolayers were fixed in Ethanol and stored at 2-8° C. until use. Todetermine the titre, serial dilutions of test sera were incubated on thecells for 1 hour at 37° C., and after washing of the plates, boundantibodies were detected by incubation for 1 hour at 37° C. withFITC-labeled Rabbit anti-Swine IgG (Nordic, Tilburg, The Netherlands).Titres were determined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution where aPCV-2 specific fluorescence could still be observed. For all animals,the decline of the antibody titer between the first and second bleedingwas determined. If in this period the antibody titre had not declined orwas increased it was regarded that in the animal concerned the vaccinehad taken. However when the PCV-2 specific antibody titre was decreasedit was regarded that vaccination had not succeeded and the vaccinedidn't take.

By relating the take of various vaccine doses to the maternally derivedantibody titre at time of vaccination the minimal antigenic mass neededto vaccinate a sufficient amount of piglets could be determined. Theresults of this analysis are given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Percentage of vaccine take at various MDA titres and antigenconcentrations. Group 1; 1-14 ug/dose Group 2; 20-80 ug/dose Categoriesof piglets Number of Number of with PCV-2 specific piglets per pigletsper Percentage maternally derived category/number Percentagecategory/number of vaccine antibody titres (log2) at of piglets werevaccine take of piglets were take per vaccination the vaccine took percluster the vaccine took cluster ≦4 3/3 90% 1/1 100% 5 0/0 3/3 6 15/135/5 7 2/2 3/3 8 12/8  17% 4/4 76% 9 12/5  11/10 10 6/0 13/10 11 21/0 15/10 12 26/0  7/4 13 15/0  0% 6/1 4% 14 2/0 11/0  15 0/0 4/0 16 0/0 1/0≧17 0/0 1/0 Total 114/31 27% 85/51 60% Total protected* 114/48 42% 85/7386% *the total number of piglets protected is given by the number ofpiglets where the vaccine has taken in piglets with a titre smaller than13 plus the piglets that already have a titre of 13 or higher.

In this table, “vaccine take” means that the vaccination of a pigletresulted in a PCV-2 specific antibody titre at 1 week post boostervaccination that is equal or higher than the PCV-2 specific titre atprimary vaccination. In all such cases it is demonstrated that thevaccine mounted an active serum response against PCV-2 and in which casepiglets can be regarded as being protected against a FCV-2 infection.However, in piglets where the titre at 1 week post booster was smallerthan at primary vaccination the vaccine was unable to induce an immuneresponse and the natural decline of maternally derived antibodies wasobserved which, in time, will render these animals susceptible for aPCV-2 infection.

From the table it is demonstrated that when using vaccine doses equal orsmaller than 14 microgram, in cluster 1 (MDA tritres ≦7) 90% of theanimals will seroconvert due to vaccination and can therefore beregarded as being protected. However, in cluster 2 (MDA titres >7 and<13), only 17% of the animals vaccinated with a dose smaller or equal to14 microgram seroconverted and were protected. In this group 17 animalshad titres of 13 or larger and where therefore, already protected bytheir naturally acquired PCV-2 specific maternally derived antibodies.Therefore, one can conclude that in this group of a total of 114 pigletsonly 48 (42%) were protected; 17 piglets with already high maternallyderived antibody titres plus 31 seroconverted piglets in clusters 1 and2.

In the group vaccinated with 20 micrograms per dose or more,significantly more animals were protected; all the animals in cluster 1and 76% of the animals in cluster 2 seroconverted for PCV-2 and werehence protected adding to this the piglets with MDA titres of 13 or moreit was found that 88% of the piglets in this group were protected.

Since herd protection is obtained when about 80% or more of the animalsare protected it can be concluded that the antigenic mass of a vaccinedirected against PCV-2 must at least contain 20 ug of antigen or more tobe able to efficiently protect a herd against the consequences of aPCV-2 infection.

1. A vaccine for Protecting piglets having maternally derived antibodies(MDA) against PCV-2, comprising at least 20 micrograms/dose of ORF-2protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2).
 2. The vaccine accordingto claim 1, comprising at least 50 micrograms/dose of ORF-2 protein ofporcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2)
 3. The vaccine according to claim 1,wherein the ORF-2 protein is a recombinant protein.
 4. The vaccineaccording to claim 1, wherein the ORF-2 protein is produced by way ofexpression from a baculovirus expression vector in insect cells, saidbaculovirus expression vector containing the PCV-2 ORF-2 gene sequenceunder control of a suitable promoter.
 5. The vaccine according to claim4, wherein the promoter is the p10 promoter.
 6. The vaccine according toany of the preceding claims claim 1, further comprising a suitableadjuvant.
 7. The vaccine according to claim 6, wherein the adjuvant isan oil in water emulsion.
 8. The vaccine according to claim 6, whereinthe adjuvant contains vitamin E.
 9. A method for the protection ofpiglets that are PCV-2 MDA positive against PCV-2 infection, comprisingadministering a vaccine according to claim 1 comprising at least 20micrograms/dose of ORF-2 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2).